Comparison of Vertical and Horizontal Facial Ratio–An Anthropometric Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12974/2311-8695.2016.04.02.5Keywords:
Facial ratio comparison, vertical face ratio, horizontal face ratio.Abstract
Introduction: Information on facial ratios of men and women has significant application in science and clinical practice. Facial proportions differ from one individual to another within a gender, group and race. Data on facial anthropometric ratios for men may not generally be appropriate for women of identical ethnicities.
Objectives: The aim was to determine the difference in the facial ratios among Indian American men and women, and compare these results with facial ratios of Indian and Caucasian persons.
Methods: Using a digital caliper, direct facial measurements of 200 Indian American students (100 men and 100 women) were made. These were students of American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua, ages 18-30 years. Facial ratios amongst this group were then calculated and the differences between sexes compared.
Results: The mandibulo-lower facial height, upper face-face height, mandibulo-facial height, mandibulo-upper face height, eye fissure-nasal width, upper lip-nose height, mandibular and upper lip height-mouth width ratios showed sexual differences, which were extremely statistically significant (p<0.001). Horizontal to horizontal facial ratios did not show statistically significant sexual difference when compared with vertical to vertical and vertical to horizontal facial ratios in between sexes.
Conclusion: Among Indian and Caucasian populations, the vertical to horizontal facial ratios showed significant sexual differences. The present study variance in the facial ratios amid Indian American sexes can be clinically applied by surgeons during procedures involving the face to help in achieving an attractive and symmetrical appearance.
References
Marquardt Beauty Analysis. http://www.beautyanalysis. com/beauty-and-you/face-variations/face-variations-ethnicgroup/.
George RM, Iscan MY and Helmer RP. Anatomical and artistic guidelines for forensic facial reconstruction, Forensic Analysis of the skull. New York: Wiley-liss 1993.
Naini FB and Gill DS. Facial aesthetics: 1. Concepts and canons. Dent Update 2008; 35: 102-4.
Marquardt Beauty Analysis. http://www.beautyanalysis.com/beauty-and-you/facevariations/ face-variations-sex/.
Keaney T. Male aesthetics. Skin Therapy Lett 2015; 20: 5-7.
Jefferson Y. Facial beauty-establishing a universal standard. Int J Orthod Milwaukee 2004; 15: 9-22.
Rossetti A, De Menezes M, Rosati R, Ferrario VF and Sforza C. The role of the golden proportion in the evaluation of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod 2013; 83: 801-8. https://doi.org/10.2319/111812-883.1
American society of plastic surgeons. http://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/2016/new-statisticsreflect- the-changing-face-of-plastic-surgery.html.
American society of plastic surgeons. http://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/2015/plastic-surgerystatistics- show-new-consumer-trends.
Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/facttank/ 2014/09/30/5-facts-about-indian-americans/.
Kalha AS, Latif A and Govardhan SN. Soft-tissue cephalometric norms in a South Indian ethnic population. Am J Orthod Dento facial Orthop 2008; 133: 876-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.05.043
Jagadish Chandra H, Ravi MS, Sharma SM and Rajendra Prasad B. Standards of facial esthetics: an anthropometric study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2012; 11: 384-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-012-0355-9
Anand S, Tripathi S, Chopra A, Khaneja K and Agarwal S. Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face and their correlation to phi among Indians in Moradabad population: A survey. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2015; 15: 125-30. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4052.155033
Packiriswamy V, Kumar P and Rao M. Identification of facial shape by applying golden ratio to the facial measurements: an interracial study in malaysian population. N Am J Med Sci 2012; 4: 624-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.104312
Kalra S, Bagga DK and Agrawal P. Evaluation of various anthropometric proportions in Indian beautiful faces: A photographic study. APOS Trends Orthod 2015; 5: 190-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.163418
Upadhyay JS, Maheshwari S, Verma SK and Zahid SN. Soft tissue cephalometric analysis applied to regional Indian population. Natl J Maxill ofac Surg 2013; 4: 159-66. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-5950.127644
Sinojiya J, Aileni KR, Rachala MR, Pyata JR, Mallikarjun V and Reddy CM. Soft tissue esthetic norms for mahabubnagar population of southern India. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8: 255-9. https://doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2014/7666.3936
Chakravarthy Marx S. Evaluation of various facial anthropometric proportions in Indian American Women. Rev Arg de Anat Clin 2016; 8: 10-17.
Sadacharan CM. Facial Proportions of Indian Americans and Its Clinical Applications. MOJ Anat Physiol 2015; 1: 20. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojap.2015.01.00020
Sadacharan CM. Orbitofacial Assessment of the Indian Americans and Its Significance – An Anthropometric Study. MOJ Anat Physiol 2015; 1: 18. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojap.2015.01.00018
Husein OF, Sepehr A, Garg R, Sina-Khadiv M, Gattu S, Waltzman J, et al. Anthropometric and aesthetic analysis of the Indian American woman's face. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63: 1825-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2009.10.032
Parwati R and Sawhney A. Midline nasal ergonomics of north Indian males, a baseline study. J Anat Soc Ind 1997; 46: 89-98.
Farkas LG: Anthropometry of the Head and Face. New York: Raven Press; 1994.
Budai M, Farkas LG, Tompson B, Katic M and Forrest CR. Relation between anthropometric and cephalometric measurements and proportions of the face of healthy young white adult men and women. J Craniofac Surg 2003; 14: 154-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001665-200303000-00004
Raschke GF, Rieger UM, Peisker A, Djedovic G, Gomez- Dammeier M, Guentsch A, et al. Morphologic outcome of bimaxillary surgery-an anthropometric appraisal. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2015; 20: e103-10. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.19978
Abraham A, George J, Peter E, Philip K, Chankramath R, Johns DA, et al. Establishment of a new relationship between posed smile width and lower facial height: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Dent 2015; 9: 394-9. https://doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.163232