Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Nylon 6 Nanofiber Reinforced Dental Composite Resins
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12974/2311-8695.2016.04.01.1Keywords:
Dental composite resins, nanofibers, nanofiber reinforced composites, electrospinning.Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate mechanical properties of different mass fraction of Nylon 6 (N6) nanofibers reinforced bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate (Bis-GMA) and tri-(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) based dental composite resins.
Materials and Methods: N6 nanofibers were produced using electrospinning method. The nanofibers were mixed with composite resin and cured. Powder of this mixture was added into the resin matrix at different mass fractions (1%, 2%, 3%). Eight specimens were prepared for each nanofiber reinforced dental composites and neat resin. Three point bending test was applied to specimens. Flexural strength (Fs), flexural modulus (EY) and work of fracture (WOF) of groups were found.
Results: Fs results were shown increasing trend going to the highest mass fraction of N6 nanofiber. EY result of 2% N6 nanofiber reinforced composite group was significantly increased compared to neat resin. Difference of WOF results between the control and N6 1% nanofiber reinforced composite groups was statistically significant.
Conclusions: Fs and EY results of the dental composites could be increased after impregnating relatively small amount of N6 nanofibers. Ratio of surface area to volume could be increased due to inter-molecular hydrogen bonding between the nanofiber and the resin.
References
Bowen RL. Properties of a silica-reinforced polymer for dental restorations. J Am Dent Assoc 1963; 66: 57-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1963.0010
Chen MH. Update on dental nanocomposites. J Dent Res 2010; 89: 549-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034510363765
Chen L, Yu Q, Wang Y and Li H. BisGMA/TEGDMA dental composite containing high aspect-ratio hydroxyapatite nanofibers. Dent Mater 2011; 27: 1187-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2011.08.403
Sarrett DC. Clinical challenges and the relevance of materials testing for posterior composite restorations. Dent Mater 2005; 21: 9-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2004.10.001
Fong H. Electrospun nylon 6 nanofiber reinforced BISGMA/ TEGDMA dental restorative composite resins. Polymer 2004; 45: 2427-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.01.067
Lin S, Cai Q, Ji JY, Sui G, Yu YH, Yang XP, et al. Electrospun nanofiber reinforced and toughened composites through in situ nano-interface formation. Compos Sci Technol 2008; 68: 3322-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.08.033
Tian M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Liao Y, Hedin NE and Fong H. Fabrication and evaluation of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental resins/composites containing nano fibrillar silicate. Dent Mater 2008; 24: 235-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2007.05.002
Schaefer DW and Justice RS. How nano are nanocomposites? Macromolecules 2007; 40: 8501-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma070356w
Heumen CCM, Kreulen CM, Bronkhorst EM, Lesaffre E and Creugers NHJ. Fiber-reinforced dental composites in beam testing. Dent Mater 2008; 24: 1435-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2008.06.006
Chronakis IS. Novel nanocomposites and nanoceramics based on polymer nanofibers using electrospinning process - A review. J Mater Process Tech 2005; 167: 283-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.06.053
Huang ZM, Zhang YZ, Kotaki M and Ramakrishna S. A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 2003; 63: 2223-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00178-7
Tian M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Liao Y, Xu R, Hedin NE, et al. Bis- GMA/TEGDMA Dental Composites Reinforced with Electrospun Nylon 6 Nanocomposite Nanofibers Containing Highly Aligned Fibrillar Silicate Single Crystals. Polymer 2007; 48: 2720-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.03.032
Reneker DH, Yarin AL, Fong H and Koombhongse S. Bending instability of electrically charged liquid jets of polymer solutions in electrospinning. J Appl Phys 2000; 87: 4531-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373532
He JH and Wan YQ. Allometric scaling for voltage and current in electrospinning. Polymer 2004; 45: 6731-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.07.064
Qin XH, Wan YQ, He JH, Zhang J, Yu JY and Wang SY. Effect of LiCl on electrospinning of PAN polymer solution: theoretical analysis and experimental verification. Polymer 2004; 45: 6409-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.031
Shin MY, Hohman MM, Brenner M and Ruteldge GC. Experimental characterization of electrospinning: the electrically forced jet and instabilities. Polymer 2001; 42: 9955-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00540-7
Fong H and Reneker DH. Elastomeric nanofibers of styrenebutadiene- styrene triblock copolymer. J Polym Sci Pol Phys 1999; 37: 3488-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099- 0488(19991215)37:24<3488::AID-POLB9>3.0.CO;2-M
Reneker DH and Chun I. Nanometre diameter fibres of polymer, produced by electrospinning. Nanotechnology 1996; 7: 216-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/7/3/009
Gao Y, Sagi S, Zhang LF, Liao YL, Cowles DM, Sun YY, et al. Electrospun nano-scaled glass fiber reinforcement of Bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2008; 110: 2063-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.28695
Chen L, Xu CQ, Wang Y, Shi J, Yu QS and Li H. BisGMA/TEGDMA dental nanocomposites containing glyoxylic acid-modified high-aspect ratio hydroxyapatite nanofibers with enhanced dispersion. Biomed Mater 2012; 7: 045014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-6041/7/4/045014
Nayak R, Padhye R, Kyratzis I, Truong YB and Arnold L. Recent advances in nanofibre fabrication techniques. Text Res J 2012; 82: 129-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517511424524
Guo GQ, Fan YW, Zhang JF, Hagan JL and Xu XM. Novel dental composites reinforced with zirconia-silica ceramic nanofibers. Dent Mater 2012; 28: 360-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2011.11.006
Cheng L, Zhou X, Zhong H, Deng X, Cai Q and Yang X. NaF-loaded core-shell PAN-PMMA nanofibers as reinforcements for Bis-GMA/TEGDMA restorative resins. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2014; 34: 262-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2013.09.020
Sun W, Cai Q, Li P, Deng X, Wei Y, Xu M, et al. Post-draw PAN-PMMA nanofiber reinforced and toughened Bis-GMA dental restorative composite. Dent Mater. 2010; 26: 873-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2010.03.022
Xu X, Guo G and Fan Y. Fabrication and characterization of dense zirconia and zirconia-silica ceramic nanofibers. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2010; 10: 5672-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2010.2441