Wheat Water Ecophysiology: A Review on Recent Developments
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12974/2311-858X.2023.11.2Keywords:
Crop growth, Drought, Physio biochemical traits, Wheat, YieldAbstract
With exceptional tolerance to a wide range of climatic circumstances, from temperate to desert, and from warm to cold regions; wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important food crop on a worldwide scale. This flexibility is linked to the crop's highly flexible DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid), which is complicated in nature. The impacts of climate change and other stresses on wheat ecophysiology and productivity remain topics of concern despite our very thorough knowledge of wheat physiology, growth, and development. This study emphasizes the implementation of new information in breeding and crop management techniques while concentrating especially on the ecophysiology of water usage in wheat plants. The focus is on comprehending physiological processes at the level of the whole plant and organ, giving breeders and agronomist insightful information. Where necessary to explain physiological responses seen at higher organizational levels, cellular-level explanations are presented. Various topics, including wheat physiology, ecological interactions, and yield determination, are covered in this review that emphasizes recent developments in our knowledge of yield production. The knowledge gathered from this study may be used to help build crop production systems that maximize yield potential. Additionally, this study offers physiological and ecological methods for creating wheat production systems that are high-yielding, resource-efficient, and quality-focused. Although there is a wealth of information on wheat physiology that directly aids agronomists and breeders, more research is needed to fully grasp yield under stress. However, using already available physiological information provides encouraging potential for further development. The review prioritizes yield and yield-forming processes because they have the biggest potential impact on global wheat production, even though other factors like lodging resistance, growth regulator application, weed competition, soil mechanical impedance, and nutrient imbalances are not covered.
References
Cakmak I, Kutman UÁ. Agronomic biofortification of cereals with zinc: a review. European Journal of Soil Science, 2018; 69, 172-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12437
Stevenson JR, Villoria N, Byerlee D, Kelley T, Maredia M. Green Revolution research saved an estimated 18 to 27 million hectares from being brought into agricultural production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013; 110(21), 8363-8368. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1208065110
Sedri MH, Amini A, Golchin A. Evaluation of nitrogen effects on yield and drought tolerance of rainfed wheat using drought stress indices. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 2019; 22, 235-42.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-018-0037-0
Younis H, Abbas G, Naz S, Fatima Z, Ali MA, Ahmed M, Khan MA, Ahmad S. Advanced production technologies of wheat. Agronomic Crops, 2019; 223-236. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9151-5_12
Shiferaw B, Smale M, Braun HJ, Duveiller E, Reynolds M, Muricho G. Crops that feed the world 10. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by wheat in global food security. Food Security, 2013; 5, 291-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-013-0263-y
Anwar A, Kim JK. Transgenic breeding approaches for improving abiotic stress tolerance: Recent progress and future perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020; 21(8), 2695. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082695
Boyer JS. Plant productivity and environment. Science, 1982; 218, 443-448. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.218.4571.443
Krenzer EG, Nipp TL, McNew, RW. Winter wheat main stem leaf appearance and tiller formation vs. moisture treatment. Agronomy Journal, 1991; 83, 663-667. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300040003x
Simane B, Peacock JM, Struik PC. Differences in development and growth rate among drought-resistant and susceptible cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). Plant Soil, 1993; 157: 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00011044
Eastham J, Oosterhuis DM, Walker S. Leaf water and turgor potential threshold values for leaf growth of wheat. Agronomy Journal, 1984; 76, 841-847. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1984.00021962007600050029x
Oosterhuis DM, Cartwright PM. Spike differentiation and floret survival in semidwarf spring wheat as affected by water stress and photo-period. Crop Science, 1983; 23, 711-716. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1983.0011183X002300040026x
Kobata T, Palta JA, Turner NC. Rate of development of post anthesis water deficits and grain filling of spring wheat. Crop Science, 1992; 32, 1238-1242. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1992.0011183X003200050035x
Palta JA, Kobata T, Turner NC, Fillery IR. Remobilization of carbon and nitrogen in wheat as influenced by post-anthesis water deficits. Crop Science, 1994; 34, 118-124. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010021x
Cooper M, Messina CD. Breeding crops for drought-affected environments and improved climate resilience. The Plant Cell, 2023; 35(1), 162-186. https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koac321
Seaton GR, Walker DA. Chlo-rophyll fluorescence as a measure of photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Lond. B, 1990; 242, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1990.0099
Hochman ZVI. Effect of water stress with phasic development on yield of wheat grown in a semi-arid environment. Field Crops Research, 1982; 5, 55-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(82)90006-5
Moustafa MA, Boersma L, Kronstad WE. Response of four spring wheat cultivars to drought stress. Crop Science, 1996; 36, 982-986. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X003600040027x
Nicholas ME, Turner NC. Use of chemical desiccants and senescing agents to select wheat lines maintaining stable grain size during post-anthesis drought. Field Crops Research, 1993; 31, 155-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(93)90058-U
Bidinger FR, Musgrave RB, Fischer RA. Contribution of stored pre-anthesis assimilates to grain yield in wheat and barley. Nature, 1977; 270, 431-433. https://doi.org/10.1038/270431a0
Benbella M, Paulsen GM. Efficacy of treatment for delaying senescence of wheat leaves. II. Senescence and grain yield under field conditions. Agronmy Journal, 1998; 90: 332-338. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000030004x
Sojka RE, Stolzy LH, Fischer RA. Seasonal response of selected wheat cultivars. Agronmy. Journal, 1981; 73, 838-844. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1981.00021962007300050022x
Abid M, Tian Z, Zahoor R, Ata-Ul-Karim ST, Daryl C, Snider JL, Dai T. Pre-drought priming: A key drought tolerance engine in support of grain development in wheat. Advances in Agronomy, 2018; 152, 51-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2018.06.001
Passioura JB. Grain yield harvest index and water use of wheat. The Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, 1977; 43, 117-120.
Duvnjak J, Lončarić A, Brkljačić L, Šamec D, Šarˇcevi'c H, Branka Salopek-Sondi B, Špani'c V. Morpho-physiological and hormonal response of winter wheat varieties to drought stress at stem elongation and anthesis stages. Plants, 2023; 12(418), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030418
Venora G, Calcagno F. Study of stomatal parameters for selection of drought resistance varieties in Triticum durum Desf. Euphytica, 1991; 57, 275-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00039674
Menendez CH, Hall AE. Heritability of carbon isotope discrimination and correlations with harvest index in cowpea. Crop Science, 1996; 36, 233-238. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1996.0011183X003600020003x
Farquhar GD, Richards RA. Isotopic composition of plant carbon correlates with water-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1984; 11, 539-552. https://doi.org/10.1071/PP9840539
Masle J, Farquhar GD. Effect of soil strength on the relation of water use efficiency, carbon isotope discrimination and dry matter partitioning during early growth in sunflower. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1988; 17, 207-214.
Wang M, Wang S, Liang Z, Shi W, Gao C, Xia G. From genetic stock to genome editing: gene exploitation in wheat. Trends in Biotechnology, 2018; 36(2), 160-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.10.002
Abd El-Mageed TA, El-Samnoudi IM, Ibrahim AE, Abd El Tawwab AR. Compost and mulching modulates morphological, physiological responses and water use efficiency in sorghum (bicolor L. Moench) under low moisture regime. Agricultural Water Management, 2018; 208, 431-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.06.042
Harris H, Cooper, P.JM, Pala M. Soil and crop management for improved water use efficiency. Aleppo, Syria, ICARDA. 1991; 352.
Rezzouk FZ, Romero AG, Kefauver SC, Taladriz MTN, Serret MD, Araus JL. Durum wheat ideotypes in Mediterranean environments differing in water and temperature conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 2022; 259, 107257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107257
Cann DJ, Schillinger WF, Hunt JR, Porker KD, Harris FAJ. Agroecological advantages of early-sown winter wheat in semi-arid environments: A comparative case study from southern Australia and Pacific Northwest United States. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2020; 11, 568. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00568
Fischer RA, Maurer R. Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. Grain yield responses. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1978; 29, 897-912. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9780897
Acevedo E, Hsiao TC. Henderson DW. Immediate and subsequent growth responses of maize leaves to changes in water status. Plant Physiology, 1971; 48, 631-636. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.48.5.631
Van Oosterom EJ, Acevedo E. Adaptation of barley (Hodeum vulgare L.) to harsh Mediterranean environments. I. Morphological traits. Euphytica, 1992; 62, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00036082
Van Loon AF. Hydrological drought explained. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 2015; 2(4), 359-92. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1085
Blum A, Jordan WR. Breeding crop varieties for stress environments. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 1985; 2(3), 199-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352688509382196
Rees D, Sayre K, Acevedo E, Nava E, Lu Z, Zeiger E, Limon A. Canopy temperatures of wheat: relationship with yield and potential as a technique for early generation selection. 1993; Wheat Special Report No. 10. Mexico, DF, CIMMYT.
Fahad S, Bajwa AA, Nazir U, Anjum SA, Farooq A, Zohaib A, Sadia S, Nasim W, Adkins S, Saud S, Ihsan MZ. Crop production under drought and heat stress: plant responses and management options. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017; 8, 1147. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01147
Sahrawat KL, Wani SP, Pathak P, Rego TJ. Managing natural resources of watersheds in the semi-arid tropics for improved soil and water quality: A review. Agricultural Water Management, 2010; 97(3), 375-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.10.012
Ullah H, Santiago-Arenas R, Ferdous Z, Attia A, Datta A. Improving water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and radiation use efficiency in field crops under drought stress: A review. Advances in Agronomy, 2019; 156, 109-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2019.02.002
Kumar A, Nayak AK, Das BS, Panigrahi N, Dasgupta P, Mohanty S, Kumar U, Panneerselvam P, Pathak H. Effects of water deficit stress on agronomic and physiological responses of rice and greenhouse gas emission from rice soil under elevated atmospheric CO2. Science of the Total Environment, 2019; 650, 2032-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.332
Morgan J, Condon AG. Water use, grain yield and osmoregulation in wheat. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1986; 13, 523-532. https://doi.org/10.1071/PP9860523
Idso SB., Reginate RJ, Hatfield JI, Pinter PJ, Jr. Measuring yield reducing plant water potential depression in wheat by infrared thermometry. Irrigation Science, 1984; 2, 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00258374
Shpiler L, Blum A. Differential reaction of wheat cultivars to hot environments. Euphytica, 1986; 35, 483-492. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00021856
Havrlentová M, Kraic J, Gregusová V, Kovácsová B. Drought stress in cereals - A review. Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo), 2021; 67, 47-60. https://doi.org/10.2478/agri-2021-0005
Evans LT, Wardlaw IF, Fischer RA. Wheat. In L.T. Evans, ed. Crop physiology, 1975; 101-149. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
Spilde LA. Influence of seed size and test weight on several agronomic traits of barley and hard red spring wheat. Journal of Production Agriculture, 1989; 2, 169-172. https://doi.org/10.2134/jpa1989.0169
Mian MAR, Nafziger ED. Seed size and water potential effects on germination and seedling growth of winter wheat. Crop Science, 1994; 34, 169-171. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183X003400010030x
Baker CK, Gallagher JN. The development of winter wheat in the field. Relation between apical development and plant morphology within and between seasons. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1983a; 10, 327-335. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600037631
Baker CK, Gallagher JN. The development of winter wheat in the field. The control of primordium initiation rate by temperature and photoperiod. The Journal of Agricultural Science 1983b; 101, 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600037643
Hay RKM, Kirby EJM. Convergence and synchrony - a review of the coordination of development in wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1991; 42, 661-700. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9910661
Kirby EJM. Effect of sowing depth on seedling emergence, growth and development in barley and wheat. Field Crops Research, 1993; 35, 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(93)90143-B
Longnecker N, Kirby EJM, Robson A. Leaf emergence, tiller growth, and apical development of nitrogen-deficient spring wheat. Crop Science, 1993; 33, 154-160. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1993.0011183X003300010028x
Hanft JM, Wych RD. Visual indicators of physiological maturity of hard red spring wheat. Crop Science, 1982; 22, 584-587. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1982.0011183X002200030036x
Rane J, Singh AK, Kumar M, Boraiah KM, Meena KK, Pradhan A, Prasad PVV. The adaptation and tolerance of major cereals and legumes to important abiotic stresses. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021; 22(23), 12970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312970
Chakraborty D, Nagarajan S, Aggarwal P, Gupta VK, Tomar RK, Garg RN, Sahoo RN, Sarkar A, Chopra UK, Sarma KS, Kalra N. Effect of mulching on soil and plant water status, and the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a semi-arid environment. Agricultural Water Management, 2008; 95(12), 1323-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.06.001
Ali H, Iqbal N, Shahzad AN, Sarwar N, Ahmad S, Mehmood A. Seed priming improves irrigation water use efficiency, yield, and yield components of late-sown wheat under limited water conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2013; 37(5), 534-44. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1207-70
Gómez DS, Rodríguez PP. Sustainable agriculture through perennial grains: Wheat, rice, maize, and other species. A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2022; 325, 107747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107747
Shahid S, Ali Q, Ali S, Al-Misned FA, Maqbool S. Water deficit stress tolerance potential of newly developed wheat genotypes for better yield based on agronomic traits and stress tolerance indices: physio-biochemical responses, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative defense mechanism. Plants, 2022; 11(3), 466. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030466
Zang U, Goisser M, Häberle KH, Matyssek R, Matzner E, Borken W. Effects of drought stress on photosynthesis, rhizosphere respiration, and fine-root characteristics of beech saplings: A rhizotron field study. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2014; 177(2), 168-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201300196
Zhang X, Wang Y, Sun H, Chen S, Shao L. Optimizing the yield of winter wheat by regulating water consumption during vegetative and reproductive stages under limited water supply. Irrigation Science, 2013; 31(5), 1103-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-012-0391-8
Bais HP, Weir TL, Perry LG, Gilroy S, Vivanco JM. The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 2006; 57, 233-66. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105159
Ackerly D. Functional strategies of chaparral shrubs in relation to seasonal water deficit and disturbance. Ecological Monographs, 2004; 74(1), 25-44. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-4022
Dijkstra FA, Cheng W. Moisture modulates rhizosphere effects on C decomposition in two different soil types. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2007; 39(9), 2264-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.03.026
Freschet GT, Swart EM, Cornelissen JH. Integrated plant phenotypic responses to contrasting above-and below-ground resources: Key roles of specific leaf area and root mass fraction. New Phytologist, 2015; 206(4), 1247-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13352
Moyano FE, Manzoni S, Chenu C. Responses of soil heterotrophic respiration to moisture availability: An exploration of processes and models. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2013; 59, 72-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.01.002
Kurepin LV, Ivanov AG, Zaman M, Pharis RP, Allakhverdiev SI, Hurry V, Hüner NP. Stress-related hormones and glycinebetaine interplay in protection of photosynthesis under abiotic stress conditions. Photosynthesis Research, 2015; 126(2-3), 221-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-015-0125-x
Reddy AR, Chaitanya KV, Vivekanandan M. Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 2004; 161(11), 1189-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.01.013
Chen H, Jiang JG. Osmotic adjustment and plant adaptation to environmental changes related to drought and salinity. Environmental Reviews, 2010; 309-19. https://doi.org/10.1139/A10-014
Hayat S, Hayat Q , Alyemeni MN, Wani AS, Pichtel J, Ahmad A. Role of proline under changing environments: a review. Plant signaling & Behavior, 2012; 7(11), 1456-66. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.21949
Wassmann R, Jagadish SV, Heuer S, Ismail A, Redona E, Serraj R, Singh RK, Howell G, Pathak H, Sumfleth K. Climate change affecting rice production: the physiological and agronomic basis for possible adaptation strategies. Advances in Agronomy, 2009; 101, 59-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)00802-X
Ullah A, Manghwar H, Shaban M, Khan AH, Akbar A, Ali U, Ali E, Fahad S. Phytohormones enhanced drought tolerance in plants: a coping strategy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018; 33, 33103-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3364-5
Marcińska I, Czyczyło-Mysza I, Skrzypek E, Filek M, Grzesiak S, Grzesiak MT, Janowiak F, Hura T, Dziurka M, Dziurka K, Nowakowska A. Impact of osmotic stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics in drought-susceptible and drought-resistant wheat genotypes. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2013; 35(2), 451-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-012-1088-6
Hong-Bo S, Xiao-Yan C, Li-Ye C, Xi-Ning Z, Gang W, Yong-Bing Y, Chang-Xing Z, Zan-Min H. Investigation on the relationship of proline with wheat anti-drought under soil water deficits. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2006; 53(1), 113-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.08.008
Chakraborty U, Pradhan B. Oxidative stress in five wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) exposed to water stress and study of their antioxidant enzyme defense system, water stress responsive metabolites and H2O2 accumulation. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 2012; 24(2), 117-30. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202012000200005
Cattivelli L, Rizza F, Badeck FW, Mazzucotelli E, Mastrangelo AM, Francia E, Marè C, Tondelli A, Stanca AM. Drought tolerance improvement in crop plants: an integrated view from breeding to genomics. Field Crops Research, 2008; 105(1-2), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.07.004
Wang JY, Xiong YC, Li FM, Siddique KH, Turner NC. Effects of drought stress on morphophysiological traits, biochemical characteristics, yield, and yield components in different ploidy wheat: A meta-analysis. Advances in Agronomy, 143, 139-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.agron.2017.01.002
Mwadzingeni L, Shimelis H, Tesfay S, Tsilo TJ. Screening of bread wheat genotypes for drought tolerance using phenotypic and proline analyses. Frontiers in plant science, 2016; 7, 1276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01276
Hafez EM, Gharib HS. Effect of exogenous application of ascorbic acid on physiological and biochemical characteristics of wheat under water stress. International Journal of Plant Production, 2016; 10(4), 579-96.
Samarah NH, Alqudah AM, Amayreh JA, McAndrews GM. The effect of late-terminal drought stress on yield components of four barley cultivars. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2009; 195(6), 427-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2009.00387.x
Suneja Y, Gupta AK, Bains NS. Stress adaptive plasticity: Aegilops tauschii and Triticum dicoccoides as potential donors of drought associated morpho-physiological traits in wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2019; 10, 211. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00211
Farooq M, Gogoi N, Barthakur S, Baroowa B, Bharadwaj N, Alghamdi SS, Siddique KH. Drought stress in grain legumes during reproduction and grain filling. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 2017; 203(2), 81-102. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12169
Mancosu N, Snyder RL, Kyriakakis G, Spano D. Water scarcity and future challenges for food production. Water, 2015; 3, 975-92. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7030975
Driever SM, Lawson T, Andralojc PJ, Raines CA, Parry MA. Natural variation in photosynthetic capacity, growth, and yield in 64 field-grown wheat genotypes. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65(17); 4959-73. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru253
Blum A. Drought resistance, water-use efficiency, and yield potential-are they compatible, dissonant, or mutually exclusive?. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 2005; 56(11), 1159-68. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR05069
Waraich EA, Ahmad R, Ashraf MY, Saifullah, Ahmad M. Improving agricultural water use efficiency by nutrient management in crop plants. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B-Soil & Plant Science, 2011; 61(4); 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2010.491954
Tavakkoli AR, Oweis TY. The role of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen in producing bread wheat in the highlands of Iran. Agricultural Water Management, 2004; 65(3), 225-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2003.09.001
Trethowan RM, Reynolds M, Sayre K, Ortiz-Monasterio I. Adapting wheat cultivars to resource conserving farming practices and human nutritional needs. Annals of Applied Biology, 2005; 146(4), 405-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.040137.x
Johnson JF, Allmaras RR, Reicosky DC. Estimating source carbon from crop residues, roots and rhizodeposits using the national grain-yield database. Agronomy journal, 2006; 98(3), 622-36. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0179
Hatfield JL, Sauer TJ, Prueger JH. Managing soils to achieve greater water use efficiency: a review. Agronomy journal, 2001; 93(2), 271-80. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.932271x
Chauhan BS. Weed ecology and weed management strategies for dry-seeded rice in Asia. Weed Technology, 2012; 26(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-11-00105.1
Debaeke P, Aboudrare A. Adaptation of crop management to water-limited environments. European Journal of Agronomy, 2004; 21(4), 433-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2004.07.006
Du C, Li L, Effah Z. Effects of straw mulching and reduced tillage on crop production and environment: a review. Water, 2022; 14, 2471. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14162471
Scavo A, Fontanazza S, Restuccia A, Pesce GR, Abbate C, Mauromicale G. The role of cover crops in improving soil fertility and plant nutritional status in temperate climates. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2022; 42, 93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-022-00825-0
Li Y, Li H, Li Y, Zhang S. Improving water-use efficiency by decreasing stomatal conductance and transpiration rate to maintain higher ear photosynthetic rate in drought-resistant wheat. The Crop Journal, 2017; 5(3), 231-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2017.01.001
Papanatsiou M, Petersen J, Henderson L, Wang Y, Christie JM, Blatt MR. Optogenetic manipulation of stomatal kinetics improves carbon assimilation, water use, and growth. Science, 2019; 363(6434), 1456-9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw0046
Bertolino LT, Caine RS, Gray JE. Impact of stomatal density and morphology on water-use efficiency in a changing world. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2019; 10, 225. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00225
Casson SA, Hetherington AM. Environmental regulation of stomatal development. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2010; 13(1), 90-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2009.08.005
Nadeau JA. Stomatal development: new signals and fate determinants. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2009; 12(1), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2008.10.006
Sibbernsen E, Mott KA. Stomatal responses to flooding of the intercellular air spaces suggest a vapor-phase signal between the mesophyll and the guard cells. Plant Physiology, 2010; 153 (3), 1435-42. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.157685
Franks PJ, Farquhar GD. The mechanical diversity of stomata and its significance in gas-exchange control. Plant Physiology, 2007; 143(1), 78-87. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.089367
Tardieu F. Plant response to environmental conditions: assessing potential production, water demand, and negative effects of water deficit. Frontiers in Physiology, 2013; 4, 17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00017
Richards RA. Physiological traits used in the breeding of new cultivars for water-scarce environments. Agricultural Water Management, 2006; 80(1-3), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.013
Wasaya A, Zhang X, Fang Q , Yan Z. Root phenotyping for drought tolerance: a review. Agronomy, 2018; 8(11), 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110241
Maeght JL, Rewald B, Pierret A. How to study deep roots-and why it matters. Frontiers in Pant Science, 2013; 4, 299. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00299
Farooq M, Hussain M, Siddique KH. Drought stress in wheat during flowering and grain-filling periods. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 2014; 33(4), 331-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2014.875291
Schoppach R, Wauthelet D, Jeanguenin L, Sadok W. Conservative water use under high evaporative demand associated with smaller root metaxylem and limited trans-membrane water transport in wheat. Functional Plant Biology, 2014; 41(3), 257-69. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP13211
Ye Y, Liang X, Chen Y, Liu J, Gu J, Guo R, Li L. Alternate wetting and drying irrigation and controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer in late-season rice. Effects on dry matter accumulation, yield, water and nitrogen use. Field Crops Research, 2013; 144, 212-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.12.003
Saud SF, Yajun CI, Hammad HMN, Jr AA. Alharby H. Effects of nitrogen supply on water stress and recovery mechanisms in Kentucky Bluegrass plants. Frontiers of Plant Science, 2017; 8, 983. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00983
Saud S, Li X, Chen Y, Zhang L, Fahad S, Hussain S, Sadiq A, Chen Y. Silicon application increases drought tolerance of Kentucky bluegrass by improving plant water relations and morphophysiological functions. The Scientific World Journal, 2014; 2014, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/368694
Danish S, Zafar-ul-Hye M, Fahad S, Saud S, Brtnicky M, Hammerschmiedt T, Datta R. Drought stress alleviation by ACC deaminase producing achromobacter xylosoxidans and enterobacter cloacae, with and without timber waste biochar in maize. Sustainability, 2020; 12(15), 6286. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156286
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
