Reduced Graphene Oxide-Metal Oxide Nanohybrid for Efficient Adsorption, Photodegradation and Photoinactivation of Chemical and Microbial Contaminants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12974/2311-8792.2015.03.01.3Keywords:
Absorption, composite materials, disinfection, photocatalytic degradation.Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-semiconductor metal oxide nanohybrids at different compositions of RGO and metal oxides (ZnO and/or TiO2) were prepared. The prepared nanohybrids were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These nanohybrids demonstrated a great improvement in the adsorption of heavy metal ions (As3+ ions) and an enhancement of photocatalytic degradation of an organic pollutant (methylene blue) over the individual nanomaterials in the presence of sunlight. The nanohybrids effectively removed As3+ ions within 60min from the contaminated water. The organic pollutant was efficiently degraded by the studied nanohybrids under solar light as well as direct sunlight. However, among them, RGO-TiO2 demonstrated the best photocatalytic degradation of it under both the conditions. The best-performed nanohybrid was significantly inhibited the growth of both gram negative and positive bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) under sunlight, though photoinactivation was more pronounced for E. coli. Thus, the studied nanohybrid shows a great potential as a promising water purifying material.
References
Bongaarts J, Maulden WP and Phillips JF. The demographic impact of family planning programs. Stud Fam Plann 1990; 21(6): 299-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1966918
Shannon MA, Bohn PW, Elimelech M, Georgiadis JG, Mariñas BJ and Mayes AM. Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades. Nature 2008; 452: 301-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06599
Liga MV, Bryant EL, Colvin VL and Li Q. Virus inactivation by silver doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles for drinking water treatment. Water Res 2011; 45: 535-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.012
Montgomery MA and Elimelech M. Water and sanitation in developing countries: including health in the equation– millions suffer from preventable illnesses and die every year. Environ Sci Technol 2007; 41: 17-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es072435t
Wintgens T, Salehi F, Hochstrat R and Melin T. Emerging contaminants and treatment options in water recycling for indirect potable use. Water Sci Technol 2008; 57: 99-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.799
Lu J, Zhang T, Ma J and Chen Z. Evaluation of disinfection by-products formation during chlorination and chloramination of dissolved natural organic matter fractions isolated from a filtered river water. J Hazard Mater 2009; 162: 140-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.058
Yanga H and Cheng H. Controlling nitrite level in drinking water by chlorination and chloramination. Sep Purif Technol 2007; 56: 392-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.05.036
Li Q, Mahendra S, Lyon DY, Brunet L, Liga MV, Li D, et al. Antimicrobial nanomaterials for water disinfection and microbial control: potential applications and implications. Water Res 2008; 42: 4591-602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.08.015
Gupta VK, Jain R, Agarwal S, Nayak A and Shrivastava M. Photodegradation of hazardous dye quinoline yellow catalyzed by TiO2. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 366: 135-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.08.059
Han F, Kambala VSR, Srinivasan M, Rajarathnam D and Naidu R. Tailored titanium dioxide photocatalysts for the degradation of organic dyes in wastewater treatment: a review. Appl Catal A 2009; 359: 25-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2009.02.043
Zhang J, Xu Q, Feng Z, Li M and Li C. Importance of the relationship between surface phases and photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Angew Chem Int Ed 2008; 47: 1766-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200704788
Wu D, Wang W, Tan F, Sun F, Lu H and Qiao X. Fabrication of pit-structured ZnO nanorods and their enhanced photocatalytic performance. RSC Adv 2008; 3: 20054-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra42874e
Zhou H, Zhang H, Wang Y, Miao Y, Gu L and Jiao Z. Selfassembly and template-free synthesis of ZnO hierarchical nanostructures and their photocatalytic properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 448: 367-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2015.02.040
Zhao L, Chen X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wei W, Sun Y, et al. One-step solvothermal synthesis of a carbon@TiO2 dyade structure effectively promoting visible-light photocatalysis. Adv Mater 2010; 22: 3317-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201000660
Zhang J, Xiong Z and Zhao XS. Graphene–metal–oxide composites for the degradation of dyes under visible light irradiation. J Mater Chem 2011; 21: 3634-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm03827j
An G, Ma W, Sun Z, Liu Z, Han B, Miao S, et al. Preparation of titania/carbon nanotube composites using supercritical ethanol and their photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation under visible light irradiation, Carbon 2007; 45: 1795-1801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2007.04.034
Xue G, Liu H, Chen Q, Hills C, Tyrer M and Innocent F. Synergy between surface adsorption and photocatalysis during degradation of humic acid on TiO2/activated carbon composites. J Hazard Mater 2011; 186: 765-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.11.063
Liang YY, Wang HL, Casalongue HS, Chen Z and Dai HJ. TiO2 nanocrystals grown on graphene as advanced photocatalytic hybrid materials. Nano Res 2010; 3: 701-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-010-0033-5
Zhang Y, Zhang N, Tang ZR and Xu YJ. Improving the photocatalytic performance of graphene–TiO2 nanocomposites via a combined strategy of decreasing defects of graphene and increasing interfacial contact. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14: 9167-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cp41318c
Luia G, Liao JY, Duan A, Zhang Z, Fowler M and Yu A. Graphene-wrapped hierarchical TiO2 nanoflower composites with enhanced photocatalytic performance. J Mater Chem A 2013; 1: 12255-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta12329d
Feng Y, Feng N, Wei Y and Zhang G. An in situ gelatinassisted hydrothermal synthesis of ZnO–reduced graphene oxide composites with enhanced photocatalytic performance under ultraviolet and visible light. RSC Adv 2014; 4: 7933-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra46417b
Huang X, Qi XY, Boey F and Zhang H. Graphene-based composites. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41: 666-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C1CS15078B
Fan W, Lai Q, Zhang Q and Wang Y. Nanocomposites of TiO2 and reduced graphene oxide as efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution. J Phys Chem C 2011; 115: 10694-701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp2008804
Williams G, Seger B and Kamat PV. TiO2-graphene nanocomposites. UV-assisted photocatalytic reduction of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 2008; 2: 1487-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn800251f
Lightcap IV, Kosel TH and PV Kamat. Anchoring semiconductor and metal nanoparticles on a two-dimensional catalyst mat. Storing and shuttling electrons with reduced graphene oxide. Nano Lett 2010; 10: 577-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl9035109
Zhang H, Guo LH, Wang D, Zhao L and Wan B. Lightinduced efficient molecular oxygen activation on a Cu(II)- grafted TiO2/graphene photocatalyst for phenol degradation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7: 1816-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am507483q
Wang J, Tsuzuki T, Tang B, Hou X, Sun L and Wang X. Reduced graphene oxide/ZnO composite: reusable adsorbent for pollutant management. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2012; 4: 3084-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am300445f
Thakur S, Das G, Raul PK and Karak N. Green one-step approach to prepare sulfur/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid for effective mercury ions removal. J Phys Chem C 2013; 117: 7636-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp400221k
Ma HL, Zhang Y, Hu QH, Yan D, Yu ZZ and Zhai M. Chemical reduction and removal of Cr(VI) from acidic aqueous solution by ethylenediamine-reduced graphene oxide. J Mater Chem 2012; 22: 5914-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm00145d
Thakur S and Karak N. One-step approach to prepare magnetic iron oxide/reduced graphene oxide nanohybrid for efficient organic and inorganic pollutants removal. Mater Chem Phys 2014; 144: 425-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.01.015
Zhang D, Li G and Yu JC. Inorganic materials for photocatalytic water disinfection. J Mater Chem 2010; 20: 4529-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b925342d
Lee SH, Pumprueg S, Moudgil B and Sigmund W. Inactivation of bacterial endospores by photocatalytic nanocomposites. Colloids Surf B 2005; 40: 93-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.05.005
Ashkarran AA, Fakhari M and Mahmoudi M. Synthesis of a solar photo and bioactive CNT–TiO2 nanocatalyst. RSC Adv 2013; 3: 18529-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra42991a
Thakur S and Karak N. Green reduction of graphene oxide by aqueous phytoextracts. Carbon 2012; 50: 5331-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.07.023
Babu KS, Reddy AR, Sujatha C, Reddy KV and Mallika AN. Synthesis and optical characterization of porous ZnO. J Adv Ceram 2013; 2: 260-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-013-0069-6
Akhavan O and Ghaderi E. Flash photo stimulation of human neural stem cells on graphene/TiO2 heterojunction for differentiation into neurons. Nanoscale 2013; 5: 10316-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr02161k
Ngo-Duc T, Singh K, Meyyappan M and Oye MM. Vertical ZnO nanowire growth on metal substrates. Nanotechnology 2012; 23: 194015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/23/19/194015
Barua S, Thakur S, Aidew L, Buragohain AK, Chattopadhyay P and Karak N. One step preparation of a biocompatible, antimicrobial reduced graphene oxide–silver nanohybrid as a topical antimicrobial agent. RSC Adv 2014; 4: 9777-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra46835f
Chauhan I, Aggrawal S and Mohanty P. ZnO nanowireimmobilized paper matrices for visible light-induced antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Environ Sci: Nano 2015; 2: 273-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5en00006h
