Early Infant Feeding and Body Composition In Pre-School Children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12974/2311-8687.2016.04.01.2Keywords:
Adiposity, BOD POD, body composition, exclusive breastfeeding, mix-feeding, obesity, pre-school children.Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the association between early infant feeding and childhood adiposity.
Method: This was a cross-sectional study of 29 pre-school age (4 to 6 years) children and their mothers. Mothers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire to assess early infant feeding practices, while the children’s body composition was measured using the BOD POD Pediatric Option Body Composition System.
Results: The mean age of the children was 4.9 ± 0.8 years, 82.8% Caucasian and 17.2% Black/African American, while 65.5% were female. None of the mothers reported alcohol consumption or smoking during the pregnancy with the child. Of the 29 children in the study, 41.4% were exclusively breastfed for at least 3 months, 48.3% mix-fed and 10.3% exclusively formula-fed. Although we found significant differences in BMI-for-age z-score (p = 0.033) and BMI-percentile-for-age (p = 0.023), there was no significant differences in fat mass and percent fat mass between the groups. Formula-fed children tended to have slightly higher fat-free mass and percent fat-free mass than both mix-fed and exclusively breastfed children although these differences were not statistically significant.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the direction of the association between early infant feeding and childhood obesity may be dependent on the indicators used to assess obesity.
References
Daniels SR, et al. Overweight in children and adolescents pathophysiology, consequences, prevention, and treatment. Circulation 2005; 111(15): 1999-2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000161369.71722.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000161369.71722.10
Goran MI. Metabolic precursors and effects of obesity in children: a decade of progress. 1990-1999. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73(2): 158-71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/73.2.158
Reilly JJ, et al. Health consequences of obesity. Archives of disease in childhood 2003; 88(9): 748-752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.88.9.748 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.88.9.748
World Health Organization, Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. 2000: World Health Organization.
James PT, Rigby N and Leach R. The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2004; 11(1): 3-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000114707.27531.48 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hjr.0000114707.27531.48
Wang Y and Lobstein T. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity 2006; 1(1): 11-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17477160600586747 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17477160600586747
National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 2011: With special feature on socioeconomic status and health 2012.
Ogden CL, et al. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States 2011-2012. Jama 2014; 311(8): 806-814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.732 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.732
Anzman SL, Rollins BY and Birch LL. Parental influence on children's early eating environments and obesity risk: implications for prevention. International Journal of Obesity 2010; 34(7): 1116-1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.43 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2010.43
Nead KG, et al. Overweight children and adolescents: a risk group for iron deficiency. Pediatrics 2004; 114(1): 104-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.104
Rosenfield RL, Lipton RB and Drum ML. Thelarche, pubarche, and menarche attainment in children with normal and elevated body mass index. Pediatrics 2009; 123(1): 84-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-0146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-0146
Li L, Parsons T and Power C. Breast feeding and obesity in childhood: cross sectional study. Bmj 2003; 327(7420): 904-905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7420.904 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7420.904
Hediger ML, et al. Association between infant breastfeeding and overweight in young children. Jama 2001; 285(19): 2453-2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2453 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.19.2453
Bergmann KE, et al. Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity in a birth cohort study: role of breast-feeding. International journal of obesity 2003; 27(2): 162-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.802200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.802200
Bogen DL, Hanusa BH and Whitaker RC. The Effect of Breast‐Feeding with and without Formula Use on the Risk of Obesity at 4 Years of Age. Obesity research 2004; 12(9): 1527-1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2004.190
Harder T, et al. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis. American journal of epidemiology 2005; 162(5): 397-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi222
McCrory MA, et al. Evaluation of a new air displacement plethysmograph for measuring human body composition. Medicine and science in sports and exercise 1995; 27(12): 1686-1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199512000-00016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199512000-00016
Fields DA and Goran MI. Body composition techniques and the four-compartment model in children. Journal of Applied Physiology 2000; 89(2): 613-620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.2.613
Glickman SG, et al. Validity and reliability of dual-energy Xray absorptiometry for the assessment of abdominal adiposity. Journal of Applied Physiology 2004; 97(2): 509-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01234.2003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01234.2003
Fields DA and Allison DB. Air‐Displacement Plethysmography Pediatric Option in 2–6 Years Old Using the Four‐Compartment Model as a Criterion Method. Obesity 2012; 20(8): 1732-1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.28
Butte NF, et al. Infant feeding mode affects early growth and body composition. Pediatrics 2000; 106(6): 1355-1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.106.6.1355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.106.6.1355
Butte NF, et al. Macro-and trace-mineral intakes of exclusively breast-fed infants. The American journal of clinical nutrition 1987; 45(1): 42-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/45.1.42
de Bruin NC, et al. Energy utilization and growth in breast-fed and formula-fed infants measured prospectively during the first year of life. The American journal of clinical nutrition 1998; 67(5): 885-896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/67.5.885
Michaelsen KF, et al. The Copenhagen cohort study on infant nutrition and growth: duration of breast feeding and influencing factors. Acta Paediatrica 1994; 83(6): 565-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13082.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13082.x
Hediger ML, et al. Early infant feeding and growth status of US-born infants and children aged 4–71 mo: analyses from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. The American journal of clinical nutrition 2000; 72(1): 159-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.1.159
Kramer MS, et al. Effects of prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding on child height, weight, adiposity, and blood pressure at age 6.5 y: evidence from a large randomized trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007; 86(6): 1717-1721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1717
Bellù R, et al. Total body electrical conductivity derived measurement of the body composition of breast or formulafed infants at 12 months. Nutrition Research 1997; 17(1): 23-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(96)00229-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(96)00229-1
Von Kries R, et al. Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study. Bmj 1999; 319(7203): 147-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7203.147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7203.147
Yan J, et al. The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. BMC public health 2014; 14(1): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1267