Long-term Trend in Prostate Cancer Mortality in Turkey
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12974/2313-0946.2020.05.01.2Keywords:
Prostate cancer, Mortality, Joinpoint regression analysisAbstract
The main objective of this study was to analyze the mortality trends of prostate cancer in Turkey between the years 1987-2008. The age-standardized mortality rates (per 100,000) were calculated using the direct method, according to the World standard population. Temporal trends were assessed using the joinpoint regression. Average annual percent change (AAPC), anual percent change (APC), and a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. During the period, the average annual age-standardized mortality rate (ASR) being 3.86 per 100,000 male. In the last five years, while significant decreases observed under the age of 65, there were also significant increases in the 65 and over age group. In this period, the biggest significant increase was in the over the age of 75 (AAPC=10.6, 95%CI=1.3 to 20.9). Increasing survival and an aging population have led more men to die from prostate cancer especially in older ages.
References
Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010; 127: 2893-917. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25516
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61: 69-90. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107
Yılmaz HH, Yazıhan N, Tunca D, Sevinç A, Olcayto EÖ, Ozgül N et al. Cancer trends and incidence and mortality patterns in Turkey. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 41(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyq075
Akpolat N, Buyuk Y, Uzun I, Gecit I, Kurnaz G. Prevalence of latent prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in İstanbul, Turkey: an autopsy study. Turk J Med Sci. 2012; 42(3): 449-456.
Zorlu F, Divrik RT, Eser S, Yorukoglu K. Prostate Cancer Incidence in Turkey: An Epidemiological Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014; 15(21): 9125-9130. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.21.9125
Tuncer AM (editor). Cancer Control in Turkey. Department of Cancer Control, Turkish Republic Ministry of Health, Ankara; 2008.
Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K, Stein K, Mariotto A, Smith T et al. Cancer Treatment and Survivorship Statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012; 62: 220-241. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21149
TurkStat (2013), Turkish Statistical Institute, Death Statistics, Province and District Centers. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr. (accessed June 15, 2015).
Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institutes. http://surveillance.cancer.gov/joinpoint (accessed April 5, 2017).
Kim HJ, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med 2000; 19: 335-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097- 0258(20000215)19:3<335::AID-SIM336>3.0.CO;2-Z
Clegg LX, Hankey BF, Tiwari R, Feuer EJ, Edwards BK. Estimating average annual percent change in trend analysis. Stat Med. 2009; 28: 3670-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3733
Ahmad OB, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez AD, Murray CJL, Lozano R, Inoue M. Age Standardization of Rates: a new Who Standard, GPE Discussion Paper Series: World Health Organization. 2001; 31. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper31.pdf. (accessed Jan 5, 2017).
Baade PD, Youlden DR, Cramb SM, Dunn J, Gardiner RA. Epidemiology of prostate cancer in the Asia-Pacific Region. Prostate Int 2013; 1(2): 47-58. https://doi.org/10.12954/PI.12014
Boyle P, Smans M. Atlas of cancer mortality in the European Union and the European Economic Area 1993-1997. IARC Scientific Publications: Number 159, Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2008.
Baade PD, Youlden DR, Krnjacki LJ. International epidemiology of prostate cancer: geographical distribution and secular trends. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53(2): 171-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200700511
Center MM, Jemal A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Ward E, Ferlay J, Brawley O, Bray F. International Variation in Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates. European Urology 2012; 61: 1079-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.02.054
GLOBOCAN 2012. Estimated cancer incidence, mortality and prevalence worldwide in 2012. International Agency for Research on cancer. WHO. http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/summary_table_site_sel.aspx. (accessed Jan 8, 2017).
Bray F, Lortet-Tieulent J, Ferlay J, Forman D, Auvinen A. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality trends in 37 European countries: An overview. European Journal of Cancer. 2010; 46:3040-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2010.09.013
American Cancer Society. The Worldwide Cancer Burden. Atlanta: American Cancer Society. 2006.
Satman I and TURDEP working group: TURDEP-II Abstract of the Results, 32. TEMD congress, Antalya Turkey, 13-17 Oct. 2010. www.turkendokrin.org/files/file/- TURDEP_II_2011.pdf. (accessed Jan 6, 2016).
Kirsh VA, Peters U, Mayne ST, Subar AF, Chatterjee N, Johnson CC et al. Prospective study of fruit and vegetable intake and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007; 99: 1200-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm065
Cancer Research UK, prostate cancer mortality (2012). http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerinfo/ cancerstats/types/prostate/mortality/uk-prostate-cancermortality- statistics. (accessed Jan 10, 2017).
Mihajlović J, Pechlivanoglou P, Miladinov-Mikov M, Zivković S, Postma MJ. Cancer incidence and mortality in Serbia 1999-2009. BMC Cancer. 2013; 15(13): 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-18
Babb C, Urban M, Kielkowski D, Kellett P. Prostate cancer in South Africa: pathology based national cancer registry data (1986-2006) and mortality rates (1997-2009). Prostate Cancer. 2014; 2014: 419801. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/419801
American Cancer Society. Global Cancer Facts & Figures 2nd Edition. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2011. http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysur veilance/documents/document/acspc-029771.pdf. (accessed April 10, 2017).
Ilic D, Neuberger MM, Djulbegovic M, Dahm P. Screening for prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 31: 1; CD004720. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004720.pub3
Akduman B, Alkibay T, Tuncel A, Bozkirli I. The value of percent free prostate specific antigen, prostate specific antigen density of the whole prostate and of the transition zone in Turkish men. Can J Urol 2000; 7(5): 1104-9.
